Introduction to Genetically Engineered Dire Wolves

The US-based biotechnology company, Colossal Biosciences, has reportedly genetically engineered wolf pups (Romulus, Remus, and Khaleesi) with characteristics of the extinct dire wolves (Aenocyon dirus).

 

Genetically Engineered Wolf Pups

  • Scientists used DNA from dire wolf fossils, which are believed to be between 13,000 to 72,000 years old, to identify traits such as white coats and thick fur. 
  • By comparing the genomes of dire wolves with modern canids (including wolves, jackals, and foxes), they discovered a 99.5% DNA similarity with grey wolves. 
  • CRISPR was employed to edit 20 gene sites in grey wolf cells. These modified cells were then inserted into domestic dog egg cells, and the resulting embryos were implanted into dog surrogates.
  • Out of eight transfers, three genetically engineered pups were born following a gestation period of 62 days.

 

Distinction from Extinct Dire Wolves

  • The gene-edited pups are not exact genetic clones of the extinct dire wolves. 
  • Despite a 99.5% DNA similarity with grey wolves, there are millions of base pair differences. 
  • The recreated animals have been categorised as dire wolves based on the morphological species concept, i.e., physical resemblance, as opposed to a precise genetic or evolutionary lineage.

 

About Dire Wolves

  • Dire wolves were large prehistoric canines that became extinct around 13,000 years ago.
  • They were native to southern Canada and the US. Compared to the modern grey wolves, dire wolves were significantly larger, standing 3.5 feet tall, over 6 feet long, and weighing up to 68 kg. They likely had white coats.
  • Dire wolves preyed on large animals, like bison and horses, and are believed to have gone extinct due to a decrease in prey and human interference.