1: Understanding Nuclear Waste

- Nuclear waste refers to the byproduct generated from nuclear reactors during nuclear fission, specifically when uranium-235 decomposes into barium-144 and krypton-89.

- These byproducts cannot undergo further fission, hence are categorised as waste.

- The alarming radioactivity of these waste products necessitates their careful storage to prevent potential environmental disasters.

2: Process of Nuclear Waste Management

- The process of nuclear waste management begins by storing the spent fuel under water to cool and shield its radioactivity.

- After cooling, the waste is then shifted to dry cask storage for a longer-term containment.

- Different kinds of waste management are adopted according to the condition, some waste is treated and stored on-site at nuclear power stations, while high-level waste may be treated by vitrification.

- Furthermore, separating reusable fissile materials by reprocessing spent fuel is a notable strategy; however, it drives an issue of nuclear proliferation due to the need for specialised facilities.

3: Global Strategies for Storing Nuclear Waste

- Deep Cask Storage: The cooled spent fuel is placed in large steel cylinders which contain inert gas and get sealed, ensuring containment of radioactivity.

- Geological Disposal: This involves burying the waste deep underground in stable geological formations, effectively safeguarding it from human contact.

- Reprocessing: A method by which spent fuel is chemically treated to separate the useful and waste materials. Although potent in solutions, it can inadvertently lead to the making of weapons-grade plutonium, demanding robust regulatory oversight.

4: Challenges Faced in Nuclear Waste Management

- The array of challenges associated with nuclear waste management spans from the long-term containment of radioactive materials to potential environmental contamination.

- Other vital concerns include the high costs associated with the waste management system, decommissioning nuclear facilities, and the safe disposal of nuclear waste.

- A public apprehension regarding the safety measures, environmental impact, alongside technical and regulatory complications further add to the issues in formulating sustainable solutions.

5: India’s Approach to Nuclear Waste

- As part of its expansive nuclear program, India has constructed facilities for reprocessing spent fuel to extract plutonium for its nuclear reactors and weapons.

- The reprocessing plants situated in Trombay, Tarapur, and Kalpakkam handle the spent fuel from research reactors and pressurised heavy water reactors.

- Despite having waste management systems in place and reprocessing capabilities, challenges persist, especially concerning the storage and treatment of high-level and intermediate-level waste.

This scrutiny of nuclear waste management practices and the associated challenges offer crucial insight into the current global concerns and present potential pathways to improve these systems, ensuring utmost safety and minimal environmental impact.